Preface |
Chapter 1. STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF MOLECULES |
| 1.1. | Magnetic resonance |
| | 1.1.1. | The history of magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
| | 1.1.2. | High resolution NMR spectroscopy |
| | 1.1.3. | Foundations of magnetic resonance theory |
| | 1.1.4. | Nature of magnetic relaxation |
| | 1.1.5. | The Bloch theory |
| | 1.1.6. | Nuclear induction |
| | 1.1.7. | NMR spectrometers |
| | 1.1.8. | The basic advantages of the NMR method |
| | 1.1.9. | NMR introscopy |
| | 1.1.1 . | Electron paramagnetic resonance |
| | 1.1.11. | Double nuclear resonance |
| | 1.1.12. | The Overhauser effect |
| | 1.1.13. | Chemical polarization of nuclei and electrons |
| 1.2. | Mathematical models of structural theory and dynamics of molecules |
| | 1.2.1. | Quantum chemical models |
| | 1.2.2. | The Hartree--Fock method |
| | 1.2.3. | The correlation models |
| | 1.2.4. | The foundations of density functional theory |
| Test questions |
| References |
Chapter 2. THE ORIGIN OF LIFE AND THINKING FROM THE MODERN PHYSICS POINT OF VIEW |
| 2.1. | Dynamical properties of simple proteins |
| | 2.1.1. | Structural organization of functional proteins |
| | 2.1.2. | The models of protein as physical body |
| | 2.1.3. | The basic requirements to structural organization of the functional proteins |
| | 2.1.4. | The proteins self-organization |
| | 2.1.5. | Complexity of proteins |
| 2.2. | The problem of life origin |
| | 2.2.1. | Early stages of biological evolution |
| | 2.2.2. | Molecular aspects of the auto-reproduction mechanism |
| | 2.2.3. | The variants of primary synthesis |
| 2.3. | The biological asymmetry problem |
| 2.4. | The problem of biological evolution rate |
| 2.5. | Information |
| 2.6. | The problem of origin of thinking |
| | 2.6.1. | Elements of the pattern recognition theory |
| | 2.6.2. | Neurocomputing |
| | 2.6.3. | Thinking and the pattern recognition |
| Test questions |
| References |
The principal trend of current development of science involves
an ever-increasing volume of knowledge. Being originated in
ancient world in connection with the demand of practice, science
has transformed into productive force and became an important
social institute effecting significantly on all spheres of
society and a culture as a whole. Since the seventieth century
the volume of scientific knowledge (number of discoveries and
scientists, volume of scientific information,) is doubled
approximately every 10--15 years. Impetuous growth of
information volume results inevitably in drastic gap between the
level achieved by fundamental science and the level of training
in higher educational institutions.
In one of his statements professor S. P. Kapitsa has expressed a
thought that every generation has to write its own manual of
physics. Then brings up the questions: "Has the time for
writing this manual come, and if yes, is modern generation (of
the late twentieth -- early twenty first centuries) ready to do
it? And the very important -- what the content of such manual
will be?". Speaking about history of physics development, the
famous American physicist and popularizer of science Jane
Orire*, has
chosen (arbitrarily to some extent) three periods -- classical,
new and modern. By the end of ninetieth century such areas of
physics as mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics
and hydrodynamics have been thoroughly studied. It was seemed
that the development of theory of these fields was completed and
one could hardly expect here any new revelations and
breakthrough. All these areas was referred to as classical
physics.
In the end of the ninetieth century and during first three
decades of the twentieth century a series of remarkable
discoveries has been made in physics. There was found
radioactivity phenomenon, which further on was applied for the
investigation of atom structure. The formulation of relativity
theory made one to correct traditional views on space and time.
The attempts to describe the atom structure led to the
origination of quantum theory. This period of time, when the
essence of physical studies was changed dramatically, was called
the period of new physics.
In the 30-th of twentieth century radiowave radiation of stars
has been discovered. In those years neutron and division of
atomic nuclei were also found. These and other revelations
resulted in huge number of information accumulated in new fields
of physics. This process is keeping up nowadays. Such
development of physics resulted in further discoveries and
formulation of new ideas has led to the origination of modern
physics.
Apart from the growth of information volume, the other
distinctive trend in modern natural science is an
ever-increasing integration of scientific studies. Such trend
makes the division of natural science into strictly defined
fields rather conditional. Though the role of physics, studying
the simplest and at the same time the most common properties of
material world, remains dominant. Just like one should not deny
the specifics of investigation objects of other branches of
natural science.
Two peculiarities aforementioned (tremendous growth of
scientific information and ever-increasing integration of
different fields of natural science) put forward the problems of
methodological character, which should be solved before
publishing manual literature. Importance of the problem is also
strengthened by the fact that very often one accents how to
learn. Though we see the problem in other aspect "What one has
to learn?"
All these facts impelled us to prepare a series of publications
under general title "Physics on the boundary of centuries"
where the basic achievements of physics for the last fifty years
would be reflected. By the moment (2009) three monographs in
English have been prepared. The first is "Physics of
self-organizing and ordered systems", the second is "New
objects of atomic and nuclear physics", the third is "Novel in
physics of organic world". We have used the material taken from
different sources (reviews, monographs, manuals). Primarily we
rested the articles published in "Advances of physical
sciences" (Uspekhi Phys. Nauk in country-regionplaceRussia) and
"Soros' Educational Journal" (Soros Obraz. Jurn. In Russian)
journals. References are given in the end of each chapter. In
some cases we included in the references the sources wherefrom
we did not take material or did it in small extent. But these
sources can be helpful for deep study of the material; therefore
the references of out books contain more than 250 publications.
Thus, the reader of our manual will have an opportunity to use a
vast list of references related to different fields of modern
physics.
We understand the complexity of our task. But one has to solve
this task just now. To do it one should have any experience; one
should make the first step. We want to believe that we have done
this step. Taking into account that a huge amount of material
was accumulated during the last fifty years as well as the fact
that volume of book (and time of training the students) is
limited we had to make a choice. Working on the book, we had in
a view, first of all, the students of technical specialties. Of
course, it was not made by accident. Technical progress, which
we are observing today, became possible due to scientific
advancements achieved during some last decades. At the same time
we have discussed in our book those fields of physics, which do
not impact directly on technical progress, but without them it
is impossible to understand the world we are living in.
As for as the level of our book is concerned, it is intermediate
between manual and scientific review. Therefore, the books is
intended primarily for the students of higher years, which have
studied the corresponding courses of physics and mathematics. We
aimed at interesting presentation of the material, because it
promotes to its deeper learning. Control questions to each
chapter as well as numerous illustrations pursue the same
objective.
First chapter of the third book is devoted to the theoretical
and experimental fundamentals of new scientific direction
originated on the boundary of several disciplines. We bear in
mind here the field of knowledge related to structure and
dynamics of molecules. In broad context it deals with the study
of matter on molecular level. In long run, such investigation is
aimed at electronic and spatial structure of multielectronic
(molecular) systems as well as nature of processes and phenomena
proceeding with participation of these systems. In the second
chapter, some essential problems of life and thinking
origination are discussed. The routes to these problems
solutions are attempted to be found on the basis of advances of
modern physics.
V. K. Voronov, A. V. Podoplelov
Vladimir Kirillovich VORONOV
Doctor of Science, Professor, an Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation and Soros Professor. He is a well-known scientist, a leading specialist in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the author (or coauthor) of more than 200 publications, including 6 monographs. Prof. V. K. Voronov is a highly skilled lecturer, who pays much attention to training activity. Over many years he has delivered lectures on physics besides the course entitled "Concepts of Modern Natural Science".
Alexey Vitalievich PODOPLELOV
Doctor of Science. His research activity relates to the study of paramagnetic particles using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. He is a well-known specialist in the study of the effects of electron and nuclear spins on reactions involving radicals. These works as well as his
training activity are performed at both the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Novosibirsk State University. Currently, A. V. Podoplelov is head of the Center for Proteomic Research in Moscow. He also is a professor at Moscow State University.
Voronov Vladimir K.
D.Sc. (chemistry), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Professor of the Irkutsk National Research Technical University. Scientific interests relate to molecular spectroscopy, physical-organic chemistry, nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum chemistry. Over the last two decades, he is also engaged into investigations in the field of quantum information and scientific-methodical studies devoted to cognitive barriers of the universities’ students. Awarded with the gold medal "For Innovative Work in the Field of the Higher Education".
Podoplelov Alexey V.
D.Sc. (chemistry), Professor, scientific expert of the HTLab AG Company (Pfäffikon, Switzerland). He is a winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Research interests relate to the studies of paramagnetic particles by methods of nuclear magnetic resonance of high resolution. His works are devoted to the effects of electron and nuclear spin on the reactions involving radicals. He is an author and coauthor of more than seventy publications including nine monographs.