Voronov V.K., Podoplelov A.V., Sagdeev R.Z.Ак Physical Foundations of NANOTECHNOLOGIES.
Physics at the Turn of the Millennium

CONTENTS

Preface

Part 1. Plasma state of matter

Chapter 1. Cluster plasma

§ 1. Conditions of cluster plasma existence

1.1. Instability of clusters in homogenous vapor

1.2. Chemical equilibrium in cluster plasma

1.3. Conditions of clusters formation in heterogeneous vapor

1.4. Stability of charged clusters

§ 2. Charge of clusters and small particles in plasma

2.1. Charge involving plasma electrons and ions due to transfer processes

2.2. Charge distribution of particles in plasma

2.3. Ionization of clusters in plasma

§ 3. Processes in cluster plasma

3.1. Growth of clusters in cluster plasma

3.2. Cluster emission

3.3. Thermal equilibrium of clusters in plasma

3.4. Cluster plasma in light source

§ 4. Methods of cluster generation

Conclusions

Chapter 2. Magnetron plasma

§ 1. Magnetron charge

1.1. Principle of magnetron discharge

1.2. Magnetron chamber

§ 2. Diagnostics of magnetron plasma

2.1. Atomic microscopy

2.2. X-ray methods

2.3. Visible, UV- and IR spectroscopy

2.4. Diagnostics of charged particles in plasma

Conclusions

Chapter 3. Application of clusters

§ 1. Cluster beams to produce thin films and other materials

§ 2. Sputtering of clusters on surface

Conclusions

Chapter 4. Femtosecond excitation of cluster beams

§ 1. Laser irradiation of cluster beams

§ 2. X-ray emission from cluster plasma upon femtosecond excitation

§ 3. Femptosecond cluster plasma as neutron generator

Conclusions

Chapter 5. Non-ideal plasma

§ 1. High-power particle accelerators

§ 2. Generation of extreme states of matter using intense ionic beams

§ 3. Hadronic therapy using accelerator beams

Conclusions

Chapter 6. Dusty plasma

§ 1. Elementary processes in dusty plasma

1.1. Charge of dusty particles in plasma

1.2. Electric potential around dusty particle

1.3. Main forces effecting on dusty particles in plasma

1.4. Interaction of dusty particles in plasma

1.5. Formation and growth of dusty particles

§ 2. Non-ideality of dusty plasma and phase transfers therein

2.1. Theoretical approaches to describe properties of non-ideal dusty plasma

2.2. Experimental studies of phase transfer

2.3. Dusty clusters in plasma

2.4. Properties of dusty plasma in zero gravity state

§ 3. Linear waves and instability in dusty plasma

3.1. Ion-sound and dusty-sound oscillations

3.2. Waves in non-ideal dusty plasma

§ 4. Possible applications of dusty plasma

Conclusions

Chapter 7. Laser plasma

§ 1. Generation of fast electrons in laser plasma

§ 2. Generation of fast protons and ions in laser plasma

§ 3. Magnetic fields of laser plasma

§ 4. Generation of higher harmonics of laser irradiation

Conclusions

References to part

Part 2. Condensed state

Chapter 1. Optical properties of nanomaterials

§ 1. Optical properties of nanocomposites

1.1. Models of effective medium

1.2. Formation of nanocomposite medium

1.3. Double refraction in nano-structurized semiconductors and dielectrics

Conclusions

§ 2. Optical properties of microstructure optical fibers

2.1. Properties of microstructure optical fibers

2.2. Optical devices based on microstructure optical fibers

Conclusions

Chapter 2. Physical properties of carbon nanotubes and materials on their basis

§ 1. Structure and properties of nanotubes

1.1. Structure of single-walled nanotubes

1.2. Electronic properties of nanotubes

1.3. Autoemission of carbon nanotubes

1.4. Elastic characteristics of carbon nanotubes

1.5. Electromechanical properties of carbon nanotubes

§ 2. Materials and composites from carbon nanotubes

2.1. Nanotube-based materials

2.2. Polymers and composites from carbon nanostructures

2.3. Application of nanotubes in nanotechnologies

Conclusions

Chapter 3. Quantum size effects in nanostructures

§ 1. Regularities of formation of surface nanostructures of germanium and silicon

1.1. Formation of germanium islands on oxidized surface of silicon

1.2. Growth of silicon on oxidized surface of silicon

1.3. Emission properties of germanium and silicon nanostructures

Conclusions

§ 2. Heat transfer and non-contact friction between nanostructures

2.1. Radiative heat transfer

2.2. Non-contact friction

Conclusions

§ 3. Peculiarities of electron structure of metal nanoclusters

3.1. Energy shells of nanoclusters

3.2. Pair correlation and properties of clusters

Conclusions

§ 4. Atomic optics-based nanostructures

4.1. Atomic fabrication of nanostructures on the basis of traveling and standing waves

4.2. Atomic fabrication of nanostructures on the basis of laser nanofields

Conclusions

§ 5. Structure and properties of nanocomposite coatings

5.1. Nanocomposite coatings with enhanced hardness

5.2. Superhard nanocomposites

5.3. Prospects of nanocomposite coatings application

Conclusions

Chapter 4. Ordered molecular materials

§ 1. Liquid crystals

1.1. Definition and properties of nematic liquid crystals

1.2. Effects of bistable electrooptic switching

1.3. Optics and photonics of space-periodic liquid crystal structures

1.4. Interaction and self-organization of topological inclusions in smectic films

Conclusions

§ 2. Conductive polymers

2.1. Conductivity of polymers

2.2. Conductive polymers on the basis of diphenylphthalide

Conclusions

Chapter 5. Track- and defect-formation in condensed matter

§ 1. Formation and evolution of charged particle tracks in condensed matter

1.1. Evolution of ideas about charged particle tracks

1.2. Nature of interactions between charged particle and medium

1.3. Structure of tracks of different heavy ions

1.4. Radiation-chemical reactions in tracks

1.5. Models of latent tracks formation

Conclusions

§ 2. Radiation-dynamic effects in metastable media

2.1. Defects distribution in the course of ionized irradiation

2.2. Propagation of post-cascade shock waves in stable and metastable media

2.3. Treatment of materials using radiation-induced effects

Conclusions

§ 3. Selective removal of atoms under the action of ionic radiation

3.1. Experimental methods for selective removal of atoms

3.2. Nature of processes involving selective removal of atoms

Conclusions

References to part

Part 3. Theoretical and experimental studies of multi-electron systems

Chapter 1. Description of multiparticle aspects of collective electron phenomena

§ 1. Materials with strong electron correlations

1.1. Electron structure of strongly correlated systems

1.2. Peculiarities of electron structure of d- and f-systems

Conclusions

§ 2. Collective electron interactions in graphene

2.1. Basic ideas of graphene band theory

2.2. Hall quantum effect in graphene

2.3. Pairing in electron-hole bilayer

Conclusions

Chapter 2. Low-dimensional effects in nanostructures

§ 1. Physical processes in magnetic nanostructures induced by spin polarization current

Conclusions

§ 2. Plasmonic oscillations in nanoparticles

Conclusions

§ 3. Phonon analog of Fano effect in low-dimensional nanostructures

3.1. Multichannel scattering of acoustic phonons on two-dimensional defect of crystal

3.2. Scattering of acoustic phonons in quasi-one-dimensional waveguide with surface phonon leads

3.3. Multichannel scattering of photons on two-dimensional nanostructures

Conclusions

§ 4. Foundations of quantum phase transition theory

4.1. Thermal and quantum fluctuations

4.2. Quantum phase transition

Conclusions

Chapter 3. Phenomenological theories in multi-particle tasks

§ 1. Phenomenological description of metamaterials

1.1. Mixing formulas

1.2. Media with negative dielectric and magnetic permittivity

Conclusions

§ 2. Elastic properties of quasicrystals

2.1. Icosahedral system

2.2. Decagonal system

Conclusions

§ 3. Clusters and phase transitions

3.1. Structural peculiarities of solid clusters

3.2. Phase transitions in simple systems of bound atoms

3.3. Configuration excitation of clusters with pair interaction

Conclusions

Chapter 4. New spectral methods of investigation

§ 1. X-ray refractive optics

1.1. Classification of X-ray optical devices

1.2. Fundamental principles of X-ray refractive optics

1.3. Application of X-ray refractive optics

Conclusions

§ 2. Positron annihilation spectroscopy

2.1. Theory of method

2.2. Experimental methods of positron spectroscopy

Conclusions

References to part

About the authors

Voronov Vladimir K.

D.Sc. (chemistry), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Professor of the Irkutsk National Research Technical University. Scientific interests relate to molecular spectroscopy, physical-organic chemistry, nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum chemistry. Over the last two decades, he is also engaged into investigations in the field of quantum information and scientific-methodical studies devoted to cognitive barriers of the universities’ students. Awarded with the gold medal "For Innovative Work in the Field of the Higher Education".

Podoplelov Alexey V.

D.Sc. (chemistry), Professor, scientific expert of the HTLab AG Company (Pfäffikon, Switzerland). He is a winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Research interests relate to the studies of paramagnetic particles by methods of nuclear magnetic resonance of high resolution. His works are devoted to the effects of electron and nuclear spin on the reactions involving radicals. He is an author and coauthor of more than seventy publications including nine monographs.

Sagdeev Renad Z.

D.Sc. (chemistry), full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, research leader of the International tomographic center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. He is a worldwide renowned expert in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular magnetics. He and his research team are engaged into investigations devoted to the effects of electron and nuclear spin on the direction of radical chemical reactions. He is a winner of the Lenin Award and the State Award of the Russian Federation, a winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of education.