Why physical bodies acquire mass and how to exercise control over it
What all interactions have in common and how they can be put into a single equation
What role cosmic gravitational field plays in all terrestrial activities
Why the inert and gravitational masses of all earthly bodies coincide
How large our universe is and if it has any boundaries
Field Physics is the next generation physics. Modern science mostly describes
the nature of events without looking at the reasons why they happen, i. e. it
answers the question how rather than why.
For the first time, within the scope of Field Physics, we can look beyond
the modern paradigm and understand the reasons why objects have the physical
properties of mass and electrical charge; we can discover the internal mechanisms
that are at work in field interactions as well as understand how the properties
of physical objects can be influenced.
Field Physics is a book unlike any other before it and will probably give birth
to a new genre of scientific literature. It is a profound study, rich in formulas,
calculations and facts that reflect both the nature of physical events and our
interpretation of the world at large. The book creates a synthesis between
physics and philosophy.
Field Physics is a new paradigm and can't be summed up in just a few words.
It inspires readers to take a journey of their own and, as a reward, experience
the excitement of comprehending what has always been regarded as incomprehensible.
The book is written for scientists and physicists, however, the simple language
and lively style make it a compelling reading for everybody who is hungry for a new
look at old things, be it a student, intern or anybody who has basic knowledge in physics.
The essence of Field Physics |
The prologue or virtual reality of physical world |
Chapter I. The nature of mass and inertia |
| 1.1. | A curious analogy or wonders still might be met |
| 1.2. | Brainstorm or the first lyric digression |
| 1.3. | Preferable reference frames or the inertia vice versa |
| 1.4. | The nature of field mass or the dynamical inertness |
| 1.5. | Field mass: the wonders are going on |
| 1.6. | How the impossible could be committed or derivation of electrodynamics from mechanics |
| 1.7. | Inertial forces and the Lorentz force |
| 1.8. | The Coriolis force or the magnetic force |
| 1.9. | Ordinary inertial forces or the vortex electric field |
| 1.10. | Centrifugal force or the cause of relativistic corrections |
| 1.11. | Neglected inertial forces or relativistic corrections once again |
| 1.12. | Mechanics, electrodynamics and relativity |
| 1.13. | The nature of the classical mass or long live the revolution! |
Chapter II. Field medium and the nature of charges |
| 2.1. | Mathematical and physical fields |
| 2.2. | Field medium. |
| 2.3. | Field interaction |
| 2.4. | Classical behaviour or the field-shell approximation |
| 2.5. | The field motion or the continuity principle for field medium |
| 2.6. | The short-range action principle or wave perturbations in the field medium |
| 2.7. | Field medium dynamics or Maxwell's equations |
| 2.8. | In search for magnetic charges |
| 2.9. | The nature of electric charge |
| 2.10. | Gravitational field or why the perihelion is shifting |
| 2.11. | How the absolute motion can be detected or the Galilean relativity principle |
| 2.12. | Gravitational charges: the second birth |
| 2.13. | Quantum behaviour or unified field medium |
| 2.14. | Mechanisms of quantum effects and the corpuscular-wave dualism |
| 2.15. | The origin of uncertainty, and the instability |
| 2.16. | Subtle boundary or the superposition principle |
| 2.17. | Matter, fields and processes |
| 2.18. | Elementary particle physics |
Chapter III. Field mechanics: classical motion |
| 3.1. | Field mechanics |
| 3.2. | The turbulence problem or the third principle of field medium dynamics |
| 3.3. | Field equation of motion |
| 3.4. | Charges, masses and forces |
| 3.5. | Field strength, potential and the scientific way of thinking |
| 3.6. | Classical motion or passive inertness |
| 3.7. | Absolute and relative motion |
| 3.8. | The equivalence principle |
| 3.9. | If experiment is a truth criterion or some words about Occam's razor |
| 3.10. | How the Galaxy can be "weighted" |
| 3.11. | Dynamical inertia and Mach's principle |
| 3.12. | Electromagnetic mass |
| 3.13. | Gravitational red shift and time dilation |
| 3.14. | Nature of fluctuations |
| 3.15. | "Wonders in a sieve" or signs of the Zodiac |
| 3.16. | Field physics and classical mechanics |
Chapter IV. Field mechanics: relativistic motion |
| 4.1. | Variable addition to mass or relativistic motion |
| 4.2. | Relativistic mechanics |
| 4.3. | First- and second-kind inertial forces |
| 4.4. | Inertial forces and relativistic corrections |
| 4.5. | What is the reason for a limiting velocity of particle motion |
| 4.6. | Energy in field physics |
| 4.7. | An illusion of the Lorentz contraction |
| 4.8. | Relation between energy and momentum. |
| 4.9. | What is the rest mass or how "heavy" particles arise |
| 4.10. | Is really the equality E = mc2 true? |
| 4.11. | Mass defect, hidden mass or why 2 X 2 is not equal to 4 |
| 4.12. | Rotation and angular momentum |
| 4.13. | Interaction of arbitrary moving charges |
| 4.14. | The Lorentz field force |
| 4.15. | Experimental method and mathematical formalism: one more history lesson |
| 4.16. | Relativistic corrections and velocity composition |
| 4.17. | The relativity principle or a failure of inertial reference frames |
| 4.18. | Field physics, ether and special relativity |
Appendix. List of the main physical quantities and designations being used in the book |
The prologue or virtual reality of physical world
When it is beginning to seem that all discoveries in physics
have been made, a New Physics comes to take place of the old
one.
Oleg Repchenko
What is the reality?
This is the basic question that physics will be forced to answer
in the 21st century. For past ages, the scientists had been
accumulating a great experimental material, with all phenomena and
objects observed in nature or in the laboratory being always
a priori perceived as really existing. For example, more
than a hundred elementary particles registered under these or
those conditions, sometimes utterly artificial, are categorically
regarded as real particles. Consider also, say, billions of stars
or millions of new galaxies, going far away up to infinity, which
are indispensably treated again as really existing celestial
bodies.
But what if the most part of all these just does not exist at all?
For example, there does not exist such a particle as the muon
which is an exact copy of the electron with the only difference
that the muon's rest mass is 200 times more than the electron's.
The muon's lifetime is about a small part of a second. Maybe the
muon is nothing but the electron registered under extraordinary
physical conditions? Specifically, when its mass becomes greater
for some reasons, and if the muon's lifetime is the period during
which the electron remains at this particular state. Giving rise
to the illusion, we have seen a new particle.
Such a logic may be applied in fact to all heavy particles with
short lifetimes. But it is they that form the overwhelming
majority of elementary particles' spectrum! Until the modern
system of views on the structure of the World is unable to throw
light upon the nature of mass and matter's formation, we shall
observe an indecently long list of elementary particles --
cornerstones of the Universe. This list is growing via each new
experiment since any anew registered object, even with its
lifetime at the upper limit of the instrument range, will be
indispensably announced to be a real particle. Then we try to
combine all these particles in order to find a kind of a system,
meanwhile adapting for this purpose the current physics, even not
suspecting that no system could exist at all as well as the
greater part of the particles themselves!
What about the reality of all the cosmic objects included into
modern catalogues? Maybe a remote quasar is nothing but the light
of our native Sun? Just that has been reaching us not directly for
8 minutes but furrowing the cosmic depths for millions of years,
repeatedly reflected, distorted and amplified -- which is seen now
as an exotic source of light at the edge of the Universe! Now, if
some whimsical optical effects like mirages can be observed even
on Earth, what could we then expect to meet in outer space?
However, too great or too small scales are far from the only
sources of illusions in our World. Consider, say, such a strange
coincidence as the equality of inertial and gravitational masses
under terrestrial conditions. In fact, these two quantities
describe quite different properties of the bodies and, logically,
cannot be equivalent in principle. The first one determines
inertia of an object, whereas the second one -- its gravitational
charge, an analogue of the electric charge. But the electric
charge is not at all equivalent to the inertial mass! What is then
the cause of the amazing equality of the inertial and
gravitational masses observed even in precise experiments?
The irony here is that the procedure of any experimental set-up
for checking the equivalence principle requires a maximally
possible elimination of all external perturbations. Thus, the
proof of coincidence of the two types of masses under such
conditions becomes equivalent to the proof of the absence of the
electric fields themselves in the bulk of a thick metal screen.
The more screened is the measuring set, the more precisely the
experiment proves the absence of the electric field! Something
like that takes place in the experiments for checking the
equivalence principle. It may be proved that it is the external
influences that change the mass relationship, so that the stronger
is the external field, the greater is its deviation from unity!
Another example of illusions is a principle which appeared at the
dawn of the development of physics and has been retained up to
now. We speak of course about the relativity principle,
specifically, about rather an artificial selection of a family of
inertial reference frames among all other ones, that always seemed
to the scientists more than being strange. Indeed, the requirement
for all physical equations to have the same form in all inertial
frames has rather an esthetical than physical character. Moreover,
development of electrodynamics which does not correspond to the
classical relativity principle must have led to a revision of the
previous notions.
In fact the revision has occurred. Yet, as a result, in modern
notions almost all hypotheses of the period of rise and
development of classical mechanics have been conserved: the
relativity principle and the distinguished position of the
inertial reference frames, the equivalence principle and the
classical notion of mass etc. At the same time the ideas of
space-time structure, matter and fields have been changed. It is
not improbable that the modern physical conceptions may be
considered as the ultimate truth, and the first working hypotheses
prove to be the fundamental laws of nature.
However, another thing makes one be careful. According to the
current scientific views, we live in the World where the time
slows down and the distances contract simply in passing from one
reference frame to another. This is a cost of the relativity
principle. Our World is not three-dimensional but
multidimensional. It is curved, probably contains holes and
singularities. This is a pay for the equivalence principle. These
physical axioms are probably worth of such a payment, but such a
world is not ours!
Modern physics describes in fact some "Kingdom of curved
mirrors". This has appeared spontaneously as a result of the
"Big Bang" from a unique point with an infinite density -- the
notions rather abstract than physical. In this "Kingdom" matter
is born of energy. A semi-mystical notion which carries in itself
a shade of some omnipotent force. Matter distorts space and time,
which in fact are nothing but auxiliary notions created by man as
a method for describing the phenomena, something like Russian or
English languages. Space and time, in turn, govern the motion of
matter.
Moreover, this "Kingdom of curved mirrors" becomes more
picturesque if one equips it with quantum conceptions. Then even a
long list of elementary particles becomes insufficient, and one is
forced to invent so-called virtual particles. Those which most
likely do not exist, but we had thought them up, and they start to
play a part in physical processes. A trajectory of motion is
absent, a position and velocity of particles cannot be determined
exactly, all laws are of probabilistic type, and the causality is
broken. Matter drifts like a wave, and the waves transform into
matter. Particles are born of vacuum and then perish in the
annihilation process. A lot of new charges appear together with
new rules of their combination and conservation laws. An
impression has been made that the world of modern physical
conceptions is simply a morbid or perhaps malicious joke played by
someone.
* * *
The beginning of the computer era is said to have changed
strongly our life. We complain that people spend all days and
nights long on computer games or rambling through the global net.
As a result, they lose contact with reality. We observe just the
special effects created on computers which might be easily taken
in good faith. Indeed, almost everything may be modelled and
demonstrated afterwards on a large screen or in a 3D holographic
projection. One can even restore the whole leap-frog described
above and believe in all that to be a reality.
So what is indeed the reality? It might be that the infinite
starry sky with its billions of galaxies which we see, lifting up
the head or tuning a powerful telescope, is only a beautiful
special effect of the Creator? All these galaxies do not exist at
all. Infinity is only an illusion. Indeed, for what would one
create the infinite space if all the same nobody and never could
fly so far away and "touch" all that? Even for light it takes
more than a billion of years. Thus, a reasonable programmer would
not extrapolate the model to remote distances but would simply use
a sort of a background.
Then what about all our experiments? They are nothing but only a
measurement of the parameters of special effects which make our
World so beautiful and funny. But do our experiments really help
to penetrate into the structure of this whole mechanism? It does
not look like that. That is why our physics has a descriptional
character. We know how the phenomenon occurs but are unaware of
why it occurs in such a way. We make use of the notions of charge,
mass, force, matter but know nothing about the nature which is
behind these.
Richard Feynman at the beginning of his well-known lectures on
physics has compared our World with a huge chessboard on which the
gods play chess. It only remains for us to watch their game trying
to understand its rules. It should be admitted however that up to
now people have learned only to observe how the pieces move, and
they are far from understanding why they move in this way. For
example, we are able to collect a detailed description of how a
pawn beats a queen shaking its spear (the gods are able to afford
bright special effects in the chess game!), but nevertheless we
have no idea of how the pawn has managed to do this. Why did the
queen allows one to kill her? Probably, this was a global
sacrifice, which made it possible to win the game? Rather
frequently we wrongly conclude from such experiments that the pawn
is more powerful than the queen.
Some experiments of this kind have been already mentioned. For
example, having noticed an approximate proportionality of the
inertial and gravitational masses in local terrestrial
experiments, we make a fundamental physical principle of this
detail and extend it to the whole Universe. Thereby, we modify our
experiments so that no external factors could destroy the sacred
proportionality, and we would become further convinced in its
validity. So that we are led to believe in the curvature of our
World, just in accord with the theory based on this principle.
In a similar way, we create the faith in a distinguished position
of the inertial reference frames and spread it over all phenomena
of nature, distorting our Universe still more. Then we begin to
believe that there exists a wave-particle dualism, since in some
experiments wave propagation create a semblance of particle
motion, and vice versa. We also invent antimatter when the
electron, for unclear reasons, deviates in a magnetic field from
the usual direction, or invent a new particle when we register the
same electron in the state with a greater mass. And so on.
It appears that, having raised experiment to the rank of the
unique criteria of the truth, we became its hostages ourselves! An
inveterate computer gambler looks inadequately when he starts to
perceive literally all that he sees on the screen and to believe
that this is real. Something like that takes place with physics,
since any appearance of process occurrence, as a result of
experiment, is perceived by the investigators quite literally. It
occurs, especially in the case of implicit experiments, which
admit an ambiguous interpretation, as well as when one extends the
regularities of local terrestrial experiments to all the phenomena
of nature in the form of fundamental physical principles.
In other words, the blind faith in the experiment in modern
physics has led to quite odd physical notions and to the belief in
absurd things. Thereby one forgets that appearances are often
deceptive, and not only in everyday life, but in physical
experiments as well.
How could one distinguish the reality from an illusion? Especially
as our faithful servant -- experiment -- could no longer be our
assistant? This is a crucial point in the development of physics
and science as a whole. Admittedly, the descriptional period in
the development of physics has come to its end, and the old
philosophy and investigation techniques are no longer able to lead
us to new results. That is why one can now hear more and more
frequently that all of the basic discoveries have been already
made, and one should not expect new outstanding discoveries.
During a few centuries of science development, a sufficient amount
of experimental material has been accumulated, and its further
collection becomes to resemble a senseless excess of precision.
Just as Newton's views on the proportionality of the two types of
mass, confirmed up to third decimal place, did not permit him to
throw light on their nature, so the modern experiments up to the
twelfth decimal place did not make the nature of mass more
comprehensible. It is evident that an increase in the precision of
these experiments up to the twentieth or thirtieth decimal places
will not throw light on the nature of mass, in the absence, first
of all, of ideological considerations to this problem. Even an
unexpected observation of a deviation from the proportionality
would most likely be taken for violation of the experiment
precision.
The current physics has achieved much success in the domains of
investigation where it is possible to observe clearly phenomena
and to measure their parameters. However, modern physical
methodology proved to be almost impotent with respect to
investigation of the phenomena, in which the objects cannot be
observed with a microscope or telescope, and other means of mental
organization and information search are required. For example, we
are dealing with nuclear physics and elementary particle physics,
a study of collective phenomena in complex multiparticle systems
and non-equilibrium processes, as well as the structure of
invisible physical fields and the Universe as a whole.
In these issues, it is impossible to understand the essence of
physical processes even at the descriptional level, if one
continues to use the old methods of increasing the precision of
experiments or modernizing the mathematical apparatus. The former
leads unavoidably to an inadequate rise in price of the equipment,
whereas the latter -- to a senseless growth of the complexity of
calculations. Moreover, none of these means permits one to advance
essentially towards another dimension of the development of
physics: not in breadth to description of new phenomena, but deep
into opening the internal mechanisms being behind the visible
behaviour of the objects. It is motion in this direction that
makes physics the most urgent and interesting science allowing one
to learn how to distinguish an illusion from the reality, to find
also adequate answers to questions about the structure of our
World and, perhaps, even about the meaning of its and our
existence.
* * *
In the process of development of the above outlook, field
physics has been born. What is it?
To begin with, field physics is a physics with hypotheses and
proofs, formulae and calculations. The physics destroying one of
the most wide-spread stereotypes of present time and demonstrating
that all fundamental laws of nature can be expressed via the four
arithmetical operations, without resorting to unnecessary
mathematical complexities. Like classical mechanics, field physics
is formulated in terms of elementary mathematics accessible even
for senior pupils, to say nothing of prepared people. Much
attention has been given to a clear description of the mechanisms
of physical processes and to revealing the essence of the notions
being behind formulae for calculations. Thereby, field physics is
a fundamental scientific theory, permitting one to make progress
far beyond the frontier of the current physical conceptions and
orientated primarily towards the needs of the leading specialists.
Using Einstein's terminology, field physics should be regarded as
a unified field theory. It reveals a deep connection between
electrodynamics, gravitation and mechanics, which is impossible to
establish in the framework of the modern outlook. It throws light
on the nature of masses and charges, interactions and forces. It
naturally describes regularities of quantum mechanics revealing
the origin of randomness and discrete states in continuous field
medium. It allows comprehending the construction of matter --
nuclei and elementary particles. Perhaps, there is none of the
noticeable issues in modern physics which would not be touched by
field physics. On the other hand, more than a half of the results
obtained in the framework of field physics are completely new and
unknown in modern science.
However, field physics is not the physics in a general sense of
the word. This is quite a new conception of the world, new
philosophy, new principles, new priorities and new faith. This is
not only with respect to physics as a science but to the human's
life as well, to his perception of the world as a whole. This is a
search for reality and a struggle with illusion. This is a break
of old notions and a squall of new ideas. This is a nervous
tension and intense emotions. One should be ready for all that.
Probably somebody will makes up his mind that the good is in
ignorance.
The most important feature of field physics is, perhaps, the
following one. All contemporary science is constructed from small
to large, from particular to general, from local to global. The
traditional physics, say, began to develop from observations and
descriptions of simplest phenomena. Afterwards there occurred an
extension of the notions from the domain of classical phenomena to
that of microworld and cosmic scales. From simple mechanical
regularities to thermal, luminous, gravitational, electromagnetic,
atomic, quantum and to other, more complicated phenomena. This is
just a quintessence of the nature of a human being who, starting
from his nearest environment, gradually extends the sphere of his
interests and generalizes his notions.
Field physics has quite another vector of mentality. It has
appeared from the outlook on our World as an integrated
self-consistent mechanism. In terms of programming, it deals with
not a user, mastering the system step by step, but with an
elaborator who sets the structure and all properties of the
System. Specifically, field physics considers the motion and
properties of any individual object not as independent and
isolated one, referred to some frame but as a part of the whole
Universe, as a resultant of the influence of all other objects of
the physical world. With this approach a prime importance is
acquired by a minimal set of the input parameters of the System --
the types of interactions, particles and constants, as well as the
conditions of self-consistent behaviour of the whole System and
its boundary conditions.
Going back to Feynmann's chess, one can say that field physics is
a transition from the observation of our World, from human's
viewpoint, to the attempt to throw a glance at the World from the
position of its Creator. How should one model our World that it
acquired the known properties and the familiar form? Which
conditions and interconnections appear to be necessary thereby?
Just these are fundamental physical principles. Based on them, one
may turn to a description of the local phenomena that are
responsible for understanding the formation of the known
parameters of objects and interactions -- masses, charges and
forces. It becomes clear which of the regularities reflect indeed
the fundamental principles, whereas the others are only local laws
unfairly raised, in modern physics, to the range of global
principles.
Field physics consider our World as a product of intelligent
constructing. This is exactly the link that allows one to put in
order the odd experimental material and to separate a seeming
behaviour of the System from its real structure. In essence, the
whole human science is based subconsciously on a peculiar belief
that, as the basis for our World, a minimal set of reasonable
principles is used which governs the whole gamut of the observed
phenomena. The breakthrough of field physics is only due to
realizing that, for these principles to be revealed, one should
try to look at the System "from above", from the top of their
founder logic. Preserving the belief in the presence of an
intelligent origin in our World but not in the spontaneity of its
appearance.
Field physics neither postulate an existence of the Creator, nor
does it lean upon this. It has also no relations to any religious
or philosophical trend. On the contrary, this book is organized
mostly in accord with the traditional principle of development of
scientific conceptions -- from the most familiar and intelligible
things to new notions. The above vision of the picture of the
World is gradually forming on the pages of this book, as parts of
the physical "mosaic" are assembling in the united whole. Owing
to the fact that every time one finds wonderfully the location of
a hidden door leading to new discoveries. This is an exciting
process by itself.
However, as often happens, it is possible to solve a complicated
problem if only one knows the answer in advance. Perhaps, one
could come to the correct solution and find an exit from the
age-old paradoxes quite accidentally, but one has less chance for
that than in case one knows beforehand where to look for. Of
importance is to realize that all of the bright guesses forming
the basis of field physics and presented in the book in the final
form have been found only due to the above outlook. Most part of
these guesses has remained inaccessible to the orthodox science up
to now because it is almost impossible to arrive at them being
guided by modern views on the World. That is why, starting to
read this book, one should keep in mind the outlook on our World
as on an integral logical system, a product of the intelligent
modelling. One should try to imagine himself side by side with the
Creator who starts to project our Universe!
Of course, one could act in a simpler way. To rewrite in a
notebook all new formulae of field physics and to throw off the
whole philosophy as an unnecessary scaffold. But this would
guarantee that one would not be able to make any serious step
forward. As a proof, the fact is served that modern science is not
able to offer answers to most of the questions successfully
solvable in the framework of field physics but generally
incognizable at present. Formulae and laws are only a consequence
of the conception forming the basis of field physics, the outlook
that has allowed one to obtain all significant results.
* * *
Finally, the last peculiarity of this book is the matter that
it is in fact a map of a new continent on the globe of science
pointing to its location. We shall make the first voyage to this
continent together, page after page and chapter after chapter,
following this map. Trying not to be lost in the new lands we
visit for the first time. At the end of the voyage we shall share
of our impressions.
Perhaps, afterwards you would like to visit this continent
independently to broaden your outlook on the structure of the
World, to make your own contribution to its study, to give your
name to a new town or to one of the peaks of this continent. It is
due to the circle of topics, amount of new ideas and volume of the
problems to be solved in field physics are sufficient to provide
the scientists with the work at least for a century.
During our first voyage to field physics we shall not deviate far
from the main route. Nor we shall go deep into the jungles of
mathematical calculations and proofs. We will not be strongly
fascinated by the development of some idea. Nor we shall study all
the consequences of the laws and equations obtained, to say
nothing of their employment to a wide circle of applied problems.
At present, it is important to form the first idea of the new
lands, to sketch the main traits of their geography and to
indicate the places where various interesting things might hide.
Later on, using these instructions, more than one generation of
gifted investigators will be able to find itself and to broaden
their comprehension of the structure of the World.
In this respect, this monograph is a textbook of how discoveries
in physics could be made. Where and how one should look for hidden
doors leading to unknown places. That is why the most important in
this book is not even the formulae we shall obtain but a new world
outlook and a manner of thinking, which would allow you to
continue investigations independently. Allow you to alter your
life revealing new values and reference points.
Now our ship is sailing. The discovery of a new scientific
continent is beginning.
Welcome aboard!