| Contents | 3
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| Acknowledgments | 8
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| Foreword | 9
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| Part 1. An Introduction to Research Proposals | 11
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| 1. What is a Research Proposal | 11
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| 2. Requirements for Writing Research Proposals | 12
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| 2.1. The structure of research proposals | 12
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| 2.2. APA format requirements | 14
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| Part 2. Writing the Introduction Section | 16
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| 1. What is an Introduction | 16
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| 2. The Mechanics of Writing an Introduction | 22
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| Move 1: Establishing a Territory | 22
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| 2.1. Showing the importance of the topic | 22
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| 2.2. Providing background information on the topic (optional) | 28
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| 2.3. Clarifying definitions (optional) | 29
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| 2.4. Reviewing previous research | 30
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| Move 1 Revision Activities | 32
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| Move 2: Establishing a Niche | 35
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| 2.5. Indicating a research gap | 35
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| 2.6. Presenting justification for the present study (optional) | 37
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| Move 2 Revision Activities | 37
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| Move 3: Occupying the Niche | 40
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| 2.7. Stating the study’s purpose | 40
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| 2.8. Stating the study’s research questions (optional) | 40
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| 2.9. Stating the study’s hypothesis (optional) | 42
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| 2.10. Presenting methodology (Methods) | 45
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| 2.11. Stating the study’s expected outcomes | 46
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| Move 3 Revision Activities | 48
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| All Moves Revision Activities | 49
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| 3. Further Practice | 52
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| Part 3. Writing the Literature Review Section | 56
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| 1. What is a Literature Review | 56
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| 2. Planning the Search and Review of Literature | 62
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| 2.1. Searching for relevant sources | 62
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| 2.2. Evaluating and selecting sources | 69
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| 2.3. Structuring reading and writing | 72
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| 3. The Mechanics of Writing the Literature Review Section | 74
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| Move 1: Establishing a Territory | 74
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| 3.1. Identifying the research area and topic of investigation | 74
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| 3.2. Providing background information on the topic | 75
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| 3.3. Clarifying definitions | 76
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| 3.4. Providing a detailed review of studies | 77
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| 3.4.1. Presenting and evaluating studies | 78
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| 3.4.2. Discussing theoretical perspectives | 81
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| 3.4.3. Using sources to support the author’s claims | 83
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| Move 2: Establishing a Niche | 85
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| 3.5. Indicating a research gap | 85
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| 3.6. Providing a justification for the present study (optional) | 86
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| Move 3: Occupying the Niche (Introducing the Present Study) | 87
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| 3.7. Stating the study’s purpose and/ or research questions | 87
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| 3.8. Stating the study’s hypothesis (optional) | 88
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| 4. Acknowledging Sources | 90
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| 4.1. Using major styles of reporting | 90
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| 4.2. Avoiding plagiarism | 94
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| 4.3. Using direct quotes | 95
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| 4.4. Using in-text references | 96
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| 4.5. Compiling a list of references | 99
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| 5. Further Practice | 102
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| Part 4. Writing the Methods Section | 104
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| 1. What is Methods | 104
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| 2. Planning Data Collection and Analysis | 110
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| 2.1. Planning data collection | 110
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| 2.2. Planning data analysis | 114
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| 3. The Mechanics of Writing the Methods Section | 117
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| Move 4: Presenting an Overview of the Study’s Methodology | 117
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| 3.1. Restating the study’s purpose, research questions or hypothesis (optional) | 117
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| 3.2. Presenting the study’s research design (optional) | 117
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| Move 5: Presenting Data Collection Methods and Procedures | 119
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| 3.3. Discussing/ justifying data collection methods | 119
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| 3.4. Discussing/ justifying data collection procedures | 124
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| Move 6: Presenting Data Analysis Methods and Procedures | 126
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| 3.5. Discussing/ justifying data analysis methods and procedures | 126
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| Move 7: Outlining Scope and Limitations | 129
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| 3.6. Discussing the study’s scope and limitations | 129
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| 4. Further Practice | 134
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| Part 5. Writing the Expected Outcomes Section | 137
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| 1. What is Expected Outcomes | 137
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| 2. The Mechanics of Writing the Expected Outcomes Section | 139
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| 2.1. Discussing the study’s significance | 139
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| 2.2. Reporting preliminary findings (optional) | 142
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| 2.3. Disseminating findings | 142
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| 3. Further Practice | 143
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| Part 6. Writing Other Sections | 145
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| 1. Writing Preliminary Sections | 145
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| 1.1. Title | 145
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| 1.2. Title page | 146
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| 1.3. Abstract and key words | 147
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| 1.4. Table of contents | 150
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| 2. Writing Supporting Sections | 151
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| 2.1. References | 151
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| 2.2. Appendices | 151
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| The Language Guide | 153
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| 1. The Introduction Section | 153
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| 1.1.Language for showing topic importance | 153
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| 1.2. Language for providing background information | 155
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| 1.3. Language for clarifying definitions | 156
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| 1.4. Language for indicating a research gap | 159
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| 1.5. Language for stating the study’s purpose | 164
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| 1.6. Language for presenting the study’s hypothesis | 167
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| 2. The Literature Review Section | 169
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| 2.1. Language for identifying the research area and topic of investigation | 169
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| 2.2. Language for reviewing studies using major styles of reporting | 170
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| 2.3. Language for making references to studies | 172
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| 2.4. Language for discussing studies’ merits and limitations | 173
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| 3. The Methods Section | 175
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| 3.1. Language for stating the study’s purpose in Methods sections | 175
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| 3.2. Language for justifying the choice of methods | 176
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| 3.3. Language for describing data collection and analysis procedures | 178
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| 3.4. Language for outlining the study’s scope and limitations | 180
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| 4. The Expected Outcomes Section | 183
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| 4.1. Language for discussing the study’s significance | 183
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| 4.2. Language for reporting preliminary findings | 185
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| 4.3. Language for describing graphical information | 185
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| 4.4. Language for discussing ways to disseminate findings | 186
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| References | 187
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| Cited Journal Articles and Research Proposals | 188
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| Appendices | 192
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| Appendix A. Common Mistakes in Students’ Research Proposal Writing | 192
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| Appendix B. Title Page Template (APA Style) | 193
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| Appendix C. The Introduction Checklist | 194
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| Appendix D. The Literature Review Checklist | 195
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| Appendix E. The Methods Checklist | 196
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| Appendix F. The Expected Outcomes Checklist | 197
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| Appendix G. The APA References Checklist | 198
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| Appendix H. Adapted Sample Student Proposal in Business/ Economics (APA style) | 199
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| Appendix I. Adapted Sample Student Proposal in Political Science (APA style) | 211
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| Appendix J. Glossary of Key Research Terms | 221
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