| INTRODUCTION | 7
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| Chapter 1. WHAT IS A PROBLEM? | 13
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| 1.1. Identification of a Problem | 13
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| 1.2. Classification of Problems | 18
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| Chapter 2. HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS? | 27
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| 2.1. The Classic Problem-Solving Approach | 27
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| 2.1.1. One-Step Problem-Solving Methods | 27
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| 2.1.2. Two-Step Problem-Solving Methods | 28
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| 2.1.3. Three-Step Problem-Solving Methods | 30
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| 2.1.4. Four-Step Problem-Solving Methods | 31
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| 2.1.5. Five-Step Problem-Solving Methods | 32
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| 2.1.6. Multistep Problem-Solving Methods | 33
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| 2.1.7. Is the Objective Achieved Using Algorithms? | 40
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| 2.2. Thinking and Classical Problem-Solving Methods | 41
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| 2.3. A Systems Approach to Problem-Solving | 46
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| Chapter 3. SYSTEMS THINKING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING | 55
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| 3.1. The Integrity Property of Systems in Systems Thinking | 55
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| 3.2. Some Key Properties of Systems Thinking | 61
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| 3.2.1. E. V. Ksenchuk on the Properties of Systems Thinking | 62
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| 3.2.2. P. Senge on the Properties of Systems Thinking | 62
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| 3.2.3. D. Meadows on the Properties of Systems Thinking | 65
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| 3.2.4. J. Gharajedaghi on the Properties of Systems Thinking | 67
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| 3.2.5. J. O’Connor and I. McDermott on the Properties of Systems Thinking | 69
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| 3.3. Interim Conclusions | 70
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| 3.4. Is it Possible to Develop the System Paradigm? | 78
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| 3.5. How to Improve Problem-Solving? | 84
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| Chapter 4. PROBLEM-SOLVING AND PARADIGMS | 85
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| 4.1. An Example of a Paradigm | 85
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| 4.2. Definition of a Paradigm | 86
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| 4.3. Paradigms and Mental Models | 87
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| 4.4. Characteristics of the Paradigm | 88
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| 4.5. The System Paradigm of Problem-Solving | 88
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| 4.6. How to Shift to the System Paradigm? | 90
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| 4.7. Interim Conclusions | 91
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| Chapter 5. MENTAL MODELS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING | 92
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| 5.1. General Information | 92
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| 5.2. Mental Models: Objective and Subjective | 95
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| 5.3. Mental Models and Problem-Solving | 110
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| 5.4. Psychological Inertia Removal | 113
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| 5.5. From Psychological Inertia to Meanings | 116
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| 5.6. E. de Bono’s Thinking Hats | 118
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| 5.7. J. Adam’s Approach | 119
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| 5.8. Other Options for Empathy | 120
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| 5.9. Whether Approaches are Consistent? | 121
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| 5.10. Meanings, Where are You? | 122
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| 5.11. Reflexemas as a Tool for Meanings Formation | 126
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| Chapter 6. SEMIOTICS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING | 134
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| Chapter 7. THE PN-METHOD AND PROBLEM-SOLVING | 141
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| 7.1. The Substance of the Method | 141
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| 7.2. What to Consider a System When Solving Problems? | 148
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| 7.3. Description of the Contents of the System Aspects | 164
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| 7.3.1. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Objective Aspect | 164
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| 7.3.2. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Elemental Aspect | 173
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| 7.3.3. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Structural Aspect | 187
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| 7.3.4. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Functional Aspect | 197
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| 7.3.5. The Content of SystemicActions within the Resourcing Aspect | 203
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| 7.3.6. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Integrating Aspect | 214
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| 7.3.7. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Communicational Aspect | 218
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| 7.3.8. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Historical Aspect | 221
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| 7.3.9. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Managerial Aspect | 237
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| 7.3.10. The Content of Systemic Actions within the Informational Aspect | 247
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| Chapter 8. HYPOTHESIS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING | 266
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| 8.1. Hypothesis and Scientific Problems | 266
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| 8.2. Hypothesis and Problem in a Broad Sense | 270
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| 8.3. Hypothesis in the Problem-Solving Process | 270
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| 8.4. Stages of Scientific Research and Problem-Solving | 273
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| 8.5. The Place of Research Stages in the Problem-Solving Process | 276
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| Chapter 9. PROBLEM-SOLVING ACCORDING TO R. L. ACKOFF AND THE PN-METHOD | 283
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| Chapter 10. FINAL CONCLUSION: SOLUTIONS DO EXIST FOR EVERY PROBLEM! | 288
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| 10.1. What Algorithm is Needed for Problem-Solving? | 288
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| 10.2. Recommendations for the Systems Problem-Solving | 294
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| Chapter 11. PROBLEM-SOLVING PRACTICE | 297
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| 11.1. Problem-Solving in Technical Systems | 297
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| 11.2. Problem-Solving in Organizational and Managerial Systems | 319
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| 11.3. Problem-Solving in Organizational and Technical Systems | 342
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| CONCLUSION | 353
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| REFERENCES | 354
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Shimukovich Petr Nikolaevich Doctor of Technical Science, the inventor. Over 30 years of his life were devoted to research, teaching and practical application of methods of engineering creativity, mainly the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ). Based on many years of experience in teaching and researching in higher education, consulting and training the specialists of modern market companies, as well as design, technical and administrative work in companies of various industries, he formed his own original position on the theory and the practice of creative problem-solving. The author of books on this topic issued by the URSS publishing group: “Informational Method of Creativity: Information, Language, Semiotics, TRIZ in the Service of Innovations”; “TRIZ-contradictions in Innovative Solutions: the PN-method”; “Solutions Do Exist for Every Problem! A Systematic Presentation of TRIZ-ideas”; “The Motivation for Creativity: The Origins of Successful Innovations”; “TRIZ-ideas in the Systems Presentation. Practice”.
