4.5 Price change statistics
4.6 Infinitely divisible random processes
4.6.1 Stable processes
4.6.2 Poisson process
4.6.3 Gamma distributed random variables
4.6.4 Uniformly distributed random variables
4.7 Summary Scales in financial data
5.1 Price scales in financial markets
5.2 Time scales in financial markets
5.3 Summary
Stationarity and time correlation
6.1 Stationary stochastic processes
6.2 Correlation
6.3 Short-range correlated random processes
6.4 Long-range correlated random processes
6.5 Short-range compared with long-range correlated noise Time correlation in financial time series
7.1 Autocorrelation function and spectral density
7.2 Higher-order correlations: The volatility
7.3 Stationarity of price changes
7.4 Summary
Stochastic models of price dynamics
8.1 Levy stable non-Gaussian model
8.2 Student's -distribution
8.3 Mixture of Gaussian distributions
8.4 Truncated Levy flight Scaling and its breakdown
9.1 Empirical analysis of the SP 500 index
9.2 Comparison with the TLF distribution
9.3 Statistical properties of rare events ARCH and GARCH processes
10.1 ARCH processes
10.2 GARCH processes
10.3 Statistical properties of ARCH/GARCH processes
10.4 The GARCH(1,1) and empirical observations
10.5 Summary
Financial markets and turbulence
11.1 Turbulence
11.2 Parallel analysis of price dynamics and fluid velocity
11.3 Scaling in turbulence and in financial markets
11.4 Discussion
12 Correlation and anticorrelation between stocks
12.1 Simultaneous dynamics of pairs of stocks
12.1.1 Dow-Jones Industrial Average portfolio
12.1.2 SP 500 portfolio
12.2 Statistical properties of correlation matrices
12.3 Discussion
13 Taxonomy of a stock portfolio
13.1 Distance between stocks
13.2 Ultrametric spaces
13.3 Subdominant ultrametric space of a portfolio of stocks
13.4 Summary
14 Options in idealized markets
14.1 Forward contracts
14.2 Futures
14.3 Options
14.4 Speculating and hedging
14.4.1 Speculation: An example
14.4.2 Hedging: A form of insurance
14.4.3 Hedging: The concept of a riskless portfolio
14.5 Option pricing in idealized markets
14.6 The Black Scholes formula
14.7 The complex structure of financial markets
14.8 Another option-pricing approach
14.9 Discussion
15 Options in real markets
15.1 Discontinuous stock returns
15.2 Volatility in real markets
15.2.1 Historical volatility
15.2.2 Implied volatility
15.3 Hedging in real markets
15.4 Extension of the Black Scholes model
15.5 Summary Appendix A: Notation guide Appendix B: Martingales References
Index
